[Leptonica Home Page]
High Level Outline of Source Code
Contributed by Will Brockman
Update: Jan 3, 2024
Basic Pix functions
Basic Pix array functions
Low-level pixel access
Basic Box, Boxa and Boxaa functions
Colormap utilities and related operations
Float-valued images
Image scaling
Other geometric image transforms
Basic image operations: rasterop, arithmetic, convolution and correlation
Image operations with filling: seedfill and watershed
Image quantization and depth conversion in general
Image morphology
Auto-gen'd Destination Word Accumulation (DWA) morphology code
Specialized image filters
Connected components in binary images
Formatted I/O
Line graphics and special output
Specialized document image processing
Fundamental data structures for computation
Miscellaneous utilities
Maze and Sudoku
Partify: a musical application
Header files: struct, enum and const definitions
Compile configuration: selection of runtime and external libraries
compare.c: Pix equality, binary Pix correlation, image differences
pix1.c: Implements Pix (image) class - the fundamental one for this
library
pix2.c: Pixel poking of image, pad and border pixels
pix3.c: Masking and logical ops, counting, mirrored tiling
pix4.c: Histograms, row/column statistics, fg/bg estimation
pix5.c: 1 bpp image property measurements, pixel averages and intensity reversals, rectangle extraction
pixalloc.c: Custom memory allocation for Pix memory
pixabasic.c: Implements Pixa (array of Pix) and Pixaa (2d array of Pix) class
pixafunc1.c: Binary Pixa (array of Pix) filtering, sorting, scaling, rotation, clipping. See conncomp.c
pixafunc2.c: Render a Pixa or Pixaa in a Pix; conversion of each pix to specified type; split Pix; tile N-up; render two pixa side-by-side in pdf
pixcomp.c: Compressing and serializing arrays of compressed strings of
images
pixtiling.c: Split an image into tiles and perform operations independently on each tile
arrayaccess.c: Function access to pixels in 32-bit arrays
arrayaccess.h: Macro access to pixels in 32-bit arrays
runlength.c: Run-length-encoding, horizontal and vertical run membership
boxbasic.c: Implementation of Box, Boxa (Box array), and Boxaa
classes
boxfunc1.c: Box intersection, union, containment; Boxa union, extent,
permutation
boxfunc2.c: Boxa/Box transforms; Boxa/Boxaa sorting; Boxaa utilities
boxfunc3.c: Mask <==> Boxa; painting into and drawing Boxa; boxa covering
of mask components
boxfunc4.c: Boxa selection, permutation, Pta <==> Boxa; size and range functions
boxfunc5.c: Boxa sequence analysis, fitting and smoothing; side plotting
blend.c: Blend (optionally with a mask), multiplying by color, rendering with alpha
colormap.c: Implements PixColormap; colormap conversions, serialization, transforms
paintcmap.c: Paint onto colormap images - regions, masks
coloring.c: coloring gray, snapping to target color, linearly mapping colors, fractional shift towards black or white
fpix1.c: Implements FPix and DPix classes (float and double images)
fpix2.c: FPix operations: interconversion FPix <==> Pix; min/max; borders; rasterop; integer scaling (interpolation); arithmetic
binexpand.c: Integer upscaling of 1 bpp images by replicated expansion
binreduce.c: Power of 2 integer reduction of 1 bpp images by sampling and rank value
scale1.c: Image up- and down-scaling, by linear interpolation, area mapping, and sampling; binary scaling by closest pixel
scale2.c: Scaling from binary to gray; mipmap scaling; upscaling with thresholding; downscaling with min, max and rank value
affine.c: 3-pt affine transforms on images and coordinates, with sampling and interpolation; gauss-jordan solver
affinecompose.c: Composable affine coordinate transforms
bilinear.c: 4-pt bilinear transforms on images and coordinates, with sampling and interpolation
projective.c: 4-pt projective transforms on images and coordinates, with sampling and interpolation
rotate.c: Top-level image rotation by interpolation and sampling
rotateam.c: Interpolated image rotation
rotateorth.c: Orthogonal image rotation and flips
rotateshear.c: Image rotation by shear
shear.c: Image shear about arbitrary lines and special points
correlscore.c: Correlation between pairs of binary images
convolve.c: Grayscale, color, float, double convolution; windowed mean, block sum and rank filters; census transform
kernel.c: Basic operations on image kernels for convolution; special kernels
pixacc.c: Simple interface for grayscale image arithmetic
pixarith.c: Grayscale image arithmetic
rank.c: Rank order filters (generalization of min/median/max filters)
rop.c: General rasterops. "pixRasterop() is your friend; it is worth memorizing!"
-- roplow.c: Low-level general rasterop implementation
seedfill.c: Binary and gray seedfill; distance functions; voronoi-like seed spreading; local extrema
watershed.c: Find watershed basins from specified seeds in grayscale image
adaptmap.c: local adaptive grayscale quantization; mostly gray-to-gray in preparation
binarize.c: Special binarization methods, locally adaptive: Otsu and Sauvola
colorcontent.c: Measure and map the color content (divergence from gray) of an image
colorfill.c: Determine color content by growing regions with similar color
colorquant1.c: Octcube color quantization
colorquant2.c: Modified median cut color quantization (Heckbert)
colorseg.c: Unsupervised color segmentation; selection and display of color content in HSV
grayquant.c: Standard, simple, general grayscale quantization
pixconv.c: Convert between images of different types without scaling
colormorph.c: Color morphological operations (apply grayscale separately to each component)
fhmtauto.c: Code generator, writes dwa code for user-supplied hit-miss transform Sels
fmorphauto.c: Code generator, writes dwa code for erosion, dilation, opening and closing, for user-supplied Sels
graymorph.c: Fast implementation of grayscale morphological operations
morph.c: Binary morphological operations (dilate, erode, hit-miss, open, close)
morphapp.c: Composite morph ops: component-wise, union/isect, tophat, gradient, granulometry
morphdwa.c: Binary morphological (dwa) operations
morphseq.c: Interpreter for morphological operations, including binary expansion and reduction
sel1.c: Implements Sel (morph structuring element) and Sela (array of sel)
sel2.c: Contains definitions of simple structuring elements
selgen.c: Generate hit-miss Sels for doing a loose match to a small bitmap
fhmtgen.1.c: DWA morphology with auto-generated hit-miss sels (high-level)
fhmtgenlow.1.c: Low-level Sel implementation for fhmtgen.1.c
fmorphgen.1.c: DWA morphology with auto-generated brick sels
(high-level)
fmorphgenlow.1.c: Low-level Sel implementation for fmorphgen.1.c
dwacomb.2.c: DWA morphology with auto-generated comb Sels for composite
operations on brick Sels
dwacomblow.2.c: Low-level Sel implementation for dwacomb.2.c
bilateral.c: Nonlinear filter with kernel as product of spatial (gaussian) and intensity differences, to preserve edges
edge.c: Sobel and related edge filters
enhance.c: Image enhancements: gamma TRC mapping; contrast enhancement, histogram eq; unsharp-masking; hue and saturation modifications (in HSV color space); multiplicative transforms
conncomp.c: Connected component counting and extraction (Heckbert's seedfill algorithm)
ccbord.c: Border representation of connected components: display and svg serialization
ccthin.c: Connected-component-preserving thinning
readfile.c: Pix from memory and disk; detecting format
writefile.c: Pix to memory and disk; selecting format
bmpio.c: Read/write bmp format, from/to file and memory
gifio.c: Read/write gif format from/to file and memory
jp2kheader.c: Reads header and resolution for jp2k encoded images
jp2kio.c: Reading for jp2k encoded images
jp2kheader.c: Header reading for jp2k encoded images
jpegio.c: Read/write jpeg format from/to file and memory
pdfio1.c: High-level pdf image wrappers from/to file and memory
pdfio2.c: Lower-level pdf image wrappers from/to file and memory
pngio.c: Read/write png format from/to file and memory
pnmio.c: Read/write pnm format from/to file and memory
psio1.c: High level PostScript device driver for wrapping sets of images in PostScript
psio2.c: Lower-level PostScript device driver for wrapping images
spixio.c: Fast serialization and deserialization to/from file
tiffio.c: Read/write tiff format from/to file and memory
webpio.c: Read/write webp format from/to file and memory
webpanimio.c: Write animated webp format to file and memory
gplot.c: Basic gnuplot-based plotting; serialization of plots
graphics.c: Rendering shapes from lines (using Pta representation)
bardecode.c: Decode barcodes after sequence of widths is found
baseline.c: Find text baselines; determine and remove local skew
bmf.c: Generation of bitmap fonts
bootnumgen1.c: Generation of digit character templates for recog
bootnumgen2.c: Generation of digit character templates for recog
bootnumgen3.c: Generation of digit character templates for recog
bootnumgen4.c: Generation of digit character templates for recog
checkerboard.c: Locating internal corners of a noisy checkerboard
classapp.c: Unsupervised classification of connected components and words; image comparison using word bounding boxes
dewarp1.c: Dewarp camera-based image using textlines: basic ops and
serialization
dewarp2.c: Dewarp: build the page disparity model
dewarp3.c: Dewarp: applying (and stripping) the page disparity model
dewarp4.c: Dewarp: dewarp a single page; operations on dewarpa
finditalic.c: Identifies italic words
flipdetect.c: Page orientation detection (on roman text)
fliphmtgen.c: Hit-miss transforms for flipdetect.c
jbclass.c: data extraction from a set of pages for jbig2 compression: classification and location of connected components (characters or words)
partition.c: Bruel algorithm for extracting large whitespace boxes from a binary image
pageseg.c: Top-level page segmentation, halftone region extraction, textline extraction; white or black rectangles
pdfapp.c: Image processing on multiple pages, followed by wrapping
into a pdf
pdfappstub.c: Stub for pdfapp.c if pdfio is not enabled
pixlabel.c: Pixel labelling operations on connected components and with
spatially-dependent color coding
readbarcode.c: "Early beta" code for locating and identifying line widths in 1d barcodes
recogbasic.c: Book adaptive recognizer (BAR): basic ops and serialization
recogtrain.c: BAR: training of recognizer
recogident.c: BAR: use of recognizer for classification
recogdid.c: BAR: document image decoding method for separating and
identifying touching characters
skew.c: Find and remove text page skew
strokes.c: measure stroke width; regularize strokes to have a given width
textops.c: Simple utility to put text on images
warper.c: Simple captcha generator based on random warping; stereoscopic warping; stereo from image pairs
bytearray.c: Operations on an array of bytes (L_Bytea)
dnabasic.c: Basic operations for array of doubles: creation, access, modification, serialization (L_Dna, L_Dnaa)
dnafunc1.c: Join; ordered set and hash map operations array of doubles; conversion between float and double arrays (L_Dna, L_Dnaa
dnahash.c: Simple hash lookup for templates in jbig2 classifier (L_dnaHash)
hashmap.c Basic hashmap operations using uint64 keys and values (L_Hashmap)
heap.c: Heap of generic pointers to structs that are keyed by a float, used for priority queue
list.c: Doubly-linked list of generic pointers
map.c: Sets and sorted maps, using red-black trees
numabasic.c: Basic operations for float/int arrays (Numa, Numaa)
numafunc1.c: Arithmetic, data extraction, interpolation, sorting on numas
numafunc2.c: Shift, scale, convolve, histograms, rank statistics, splitting distributions, extrema finding, threshold crossing, frequency analysis
ptabasic.c: Creation, destruction, accessors, modifiers and serialization of 1d and 2d arrays of points (Pta, Ptaa)
ptafunc1.c: Modification, geometric analysis, filtering, least square fitting, interconversions with Pix and display of point arrays (Pta, Ptaa)
ptafunc2.c: Sorting, ordered set and hash map operations on arrays of points (Pta)
ptra.c: 1d and 2d arrays of generic pointers (Ptra, Ptraa)
queue.c: Queue of generic pointers
rbtree.c: Red-black tree of 64 bit quantities or ptrs
sarray1.c: Utilities on an array of C strings, including serialization
sarray2.c: Sorting, ordered set and hash map operations on strings
stack.c: Stack of generic pointers
bbuffer.c: Implements ByteBuffer, a byte queue; used for zlib comp/decomp in memory
encoding.c: Implementation of base64 and ascii85 encoding
libversions.c: Generates string of lib version numbers available for use
parseprotos.c: Parse output of cpp to generate ANSII C function prototypes from a file of C functions
stringcode.c: Utility for storing and extracting serializable leptonica objects (such as pixa, recog, ...)
utils1.c: Severity (error, warning,info) functions; byte swapping, 64-bit hashes, primes, gray code, timing ops
utils2.c: Safe string ops; file <==> memory ops; cross-platform ops, file name ops
zlibmem.c: Compresses and decompresses a byte array from one memory buffer to another
maze.c: A game with a pedagogical slant: generate and search binary and grayscale mazes
sudoku.c: Solves sudoku puzzles and generates new ones
partify.c: Partify takes a musical score with several parts and generates separate parts for each voice
allheaders.h: ANSII C headers for all functions in the library, automatically generated by xtractprotos
alltypes.h: Included within allheaders.h, it includes all the leptonica header files
array.h: Structs for basic number and string arrays (Numa, Numaa, L_Dna, L_Dnaa, L_DnaHash, Sarray, L_Bytea)
arrayaccess.h: Macros for fast data access into arrays
bbuffer.h: Struct for expandable byte buffer (ByteBuffer)
bilateral.h: Struct for bilateral filtering (L_Bilateral)
bmf.h: Struct for bitmap fonts (L_Bmf)
bmfdata.h: Data for bitmap fonts, including compilable bitmaps
bmp.h: Structs for bmp file format (uncompressed) (BMP_FileHeader,
BMP_InfoHeader)
ccbord.h: Structs for representation of 1 bpp component outlines (CCBord,
CCBorda)
dewarp.h: Struct for rectifying camera-based image using textlines
(L_Dewarp, L_Dewarpa)
gplot.h: Struct and parameters for generating gnuplot files (GPlot)
hashmap.h: Struct for representing generic hashmap (L_Hashmap)
heap.h: Struct for representing generic expandable priority queue (L_Heap)
imageio.h: Enums for supported image file formats
jbclass.h: Structs for unsupervised classification of 1 bpp components
from a set of pages; used for jbig2 compression (JbClasser, JbData)
list.h: Struct for generic double-linked list; macros for list traversal
morph.h: Structs for image morphology (Sel, Sela) and convolution (Kernel), with enum flags
pix.h: Basic file defining image and image-related structs (Pix,
PixColormap, RGBA_Quad, Pixa, Pixaa, Box, Boxa, Boxaa, Pta, Ptaa, Pixacc, PixTiling, FPix, DPix, PixComp, PixaComp), along with enums for many operations
ptra.h: Structs for generic expandable arrays (L_Ptra, L_Ptraa)
queue.h: Struct for generic expandable queue (L_Queue)
rbtree.h: Struct for rbtree and associated typedefs; used for sets
and ordered maps
readbarcode.h: Enums and consts for reading 1d barcodes
recog.h: Structs for book-adaptive recognition (L_Recoga, L_Recog,
L_Rcha, L_Rch, L_Rdid)
regutils.h: Struct for regression tests (L_RegParams)
stack.h: Struct for generic expandable stack (L_Stack)
stringcode.h: Struct for accumulating generated code for storing and extracting serializable leptonica objects
sudoku.h: Struct for sudoku generator and solver (L_Sudoku)
watershed.h: Struct for generating watershed information from a grayscale
image (L_Wshed)
environ.h: Multiplatform support; specifies external libraries to be
used; messages output to stderr (error, warning, info); typedefs for basic
types; endian type; output redirection from files to memory
